ADDITIONAL NOTES. BY M. GARY
Pp. 3, 4. The Mediterranean Sea
The standard geographical treatise on the Mediterranean is
A. Philippson, Das Mittelmeergebiet. But there is no better way of
studying the conditions of ancient travel in the Mediterranean
than to read the descriptive passages in V. Berard's books on the
Odyssey, especially in Les Phinidens et FOdyssie (2nd edition);
Calypso et la mer de VAtlantide\ Nausicaa et k retour fUlysse*
The first chapter in J. Holland Rose, The Mediterranean in the
Ancient World, will also be found useful.
P. 4,11.14-17. Exclusiveness of the ancient Egyptians
The Egyptians made voyages of exploration both in the
Mediterranean and in the Red Seas. Their intercourse with
Phoenicia, where they went to fetch the cedar-wood of Lebanon,
dated back at least to 3000 B.C. From their Red Sea ports they
visited the land of 'Punt' (northern Somaliland) in quest of
frankincense. These Red Sea cruises, which also commenced
c, 3000 B.C., culminated in a great expedition during the reign of
Queen Hatshepsut (c. 1500 B.C.), extending to Socotra and the
southern coast of Arabia. Towards the end of the second millen-
nium, however, the Egyptians allowed their overseas trade to fall
into the hands of foreign peoples (Phoenicians and, subsequently,
Greeks), and they never attempted to acquire any consistent idea
of the neighbouring continents. The lands to the north of Egypt
(Asia Minor and the Aegean area) were known to them vaguely
as 4the Isles of the Very Green.' On Egyptian seafaring, see
J. H. Breasted, History ofEgypt> especially pp. 274-8.
Pp. 4-6. Phoenicians and Minoans
The part played by the Phoenicians in opening up and colonis-
ing the Mediterranean region is now considered to have been less
extensive than was formerly believed. The derivations of place-
names in Greece and other Mediterranean lands from Semitic
roots, which used to be accepted as proof of Phoenician settlement,
have now for the most part been discredited. But the chief reason
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